Tahukah anda bahawa komputer yang anda gunakan pada hari ini telah berkembang teknologinya sejak 6 dekad yang lepas, bahkan pada ianya dicipta, anda mungkin belum dilahirkan lagi. Sejarah perkembangan komputer telah lama bermula iailu sejak tahun 1940 dan dapat dibahagikan kepada 4 generasi dari menggunakan elektronik sepenuhnya sehinggalah kepada penggunaan mikro komputer. Mari kita lihat perkembangan generasi komputer yang telah dihuraikan oleh pengkaji-pengkaji bidang ini.
1) GENERASI PERTAMA (1940-1959) Komputer dihasilkan adalah elektronik sepenuhnya. Saiznya agak besar (hampir menyamai sebuah bilik tidur) dan dikategorikan kepada Kerangka Utama (Mainframe), la menggunakan tiub vakum untuk memproses dan menyimpan maklumat. Tiub vakum berukuran seperti mentol lampu kecil yang cepat panas dan mudah terbakar. Jumlah tiub vakum yang diperlukan amat banyak agar tidak menjejaskan keupayaan komputer. la juga menggunakan tenaga elektrik dengan banyak. Pada tahun 1946, menyaksikan komputer elektronik sepenuhnya direka oleh Dr. John Mauchly dan Prosper Eckert telah mencipta ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator). ENIAC mengambil ruang sebanyak 140 meter persegi, berat 30 ton, menggunakan 130 kilowatt tenaga dan 1800 tiub vakum. Ingatannya disimpan diluar dengan menggunakan suiz dan wayar. la berupaya melakukan 5000 pencampuran dan 300 pendaraban sesaat. la dikendalikan oleh hanya jurutera terlatih. John Von Neumann akhirnya mencadangkan penggunaan Konsep Aturcara Tersimpan iaitu komputer menyimpan ingatan di dalam storan utama. la menggunakan nombor binari. Dr. John Mauchly dan Prosper Eckert sekali lagi mencipta EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) yang mengurangkan penggunaan tiub vakum. la lebih cekap dari ENIAC dan menggunakan Konsep Aturcara Tersimpan. EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) yang menggunakan raksa dan tiub vakum untuk menyimpan ingatan telah dicipta. UNIVAC1 (Universal Automatik Calculator) ciptaan Dr. John Mauchly dan Prosper Eckert mula dikeluarkan pada tahun 1951 adalah komputer pertama yang digunakan untuk memproses data perniagaan. la juga menggunakan raksa untuk storan.
2) GENERASI KEDUA (1959-1964) Transistor dan diod digunakan bagi menggantikan tiub vakum walaupun ia mudah terbakar. Cara baru untuk menyimpan ingatan iaitu Teras Magnetik diperkenalkan. la menggunakan besi-besi halus yang dililit oleh litar elektrik. Keupayaannya memproses lebih besar. la mula menggunakan bahasa pengaturcaraan peringkat tinggi iaitu FOTRAN(1954) dan COBOL(1959) bagi menggantikan bahasa mesin. Minikomputer dihasilkan. la lebih murah dan lebih kecil berbanding dengan Kerangka Utama. la digunakan bagi tujuan memproses data perniagaan, universiti selain di bidang ketenteraan. (Contoh : DEC PDP-8, IBM 7090 dan IBM 7094)
3) GENERASI KETIGA (1964-1980) la bermula apabila IBM (Internatinal Business Machine) memperkenalkan Sistem/360 iaitu Kerangka Utama yang mengandungi alatan-alatan yang lengkap bagi memenuhi semua keperluan pengaturcaraan pada masa tersebut.Sistem/360 memperkenalkan ciri baru Sistem Pengoperasian iaitu Konsep Perkongsian Masa. Sistem ini adalah satu kumpulan aturcara yang mengurus dan menyelaras keseluruhan operasi komputer, la memudahkan penggunaan komputer. Disimpan secara kekal dalam Ingatan Utama (ROM) komputer atau storan sekunder. Konsep ini membenarkan penggunaan banyak stesen secara berasaingan dan dikawal oleh Sistem Induk dimana pemprosesan boleh dilakukan serentak pada sesuatu masa walaupun stesen yang lain digunakan. Supercomputer seperti Cray-1 diperkenalkan bagi mengkaji cuaca dan alam semula jadi.
) GENERASI KEEMPAT (1980-sekarang) Penyelidikan microelektronik telah berjaya menghasilkan Litar Bersepadu/Terkamir atau Cip dimana beribu transistor dipadatkan didalam kepingan empat segi silikon melalui proses Pengamiran Skala Besar (Large Scale Integration). Cip mula menggantikan transistor sebagai bahan logik komputer. MicroKomputer merupakan yang terkecil didalam keluarga komputer digital mula dinasilkan seperti Apple II, IBM PC, NEC PC dan Sinclair. Bahasa pengaturcaraan BASIC, Pascal, PL/1 C dan Logo mula digunakan. Kebanyakan komputer dibekalkan dengan bahasa secara "bina-dalam" di dalam ROM untuk bahasa BASIC. Bahasa ini merupakan bahasa yang paling popular untuk microkompuler. Perisian tambahan juga diperkenalkan bagi membantu penyelesaian masalah. Laptop, Notebook, Handheld dan Palmtop diperkenalkan. la lebih kecil dari Microkomputer serta mudah dibawa ke mana-mana. Internet iaitu Sistem Rangkaian yang luas menggunakan protokol TCP/IP diperkenalkan sebagai rangkaian perkongsian maklumat secara global. (Processor 6086,80286, 80386,80486, Pentium, Celeron, Pentium II, Pentium 111 dan Pentium 4)
Kesimpulan: Setelah meninjau keempat-empat generasi komputer, mungkin terbayang difikiran kita tentang bagaimana bentuk komputer pada masa depan. Komputer masa depan mungkin akan berada pada generasi atau tahap kelima yang menggunakan teknologi masa depan. Dapatkah anda bayangkan bagaimana keupayaannya?
Senin, 10 Desember 2007
Jumat, 02 November 2007
About Me
Hai semua, khususnya pren2 LAZZANIGHT semua... Inilah blogku.. Dengan penuh perjuangan bareng Sya2 akhirnya bisa jadi juga.. He10x.. Di sini ada dikit info buat kalian semua.. Yah, nggak banyak sich, tapi bisalah buat iseng-iseng dibaca daripada ga da kerjaan.. Selamat baca yach...
Earth
Earth (or, "the earth") is the fifth largest planet in the solar system, third in order of distance from the Sun. It is the largest of its planetary system's terrestrial planets and the only place in the universe known to support life.
The most prominent features of the earth's climate are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region.[6] Precipitation patterns vary widely according to location, ranging from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. About 70 percent of the surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with the vast majority of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.
Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The outer surface is divided into several tectonic plates that gradually migrate across the surface over geologic time spans, which at least several times have changed relatively quickly. The interior of the planet remains active, with a thick layer of molten Earth mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field.
The most prominent features of the earth's climate are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region.[6] Precipitation patterns vary widely according to location, ranging from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. About 70 percent of the surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with the vast majority of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.
Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The outer surface is divided into several tectonic plates that gradually migrate across the surface over geologic time spans, which at least several times have changed relatively quickly. The interior of the planet remains active, with a thick layer of molten Earth mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field.
Earth
Earth (or, "the earth") is the fifth largest planet in the solar system, third in order of distance from the Sun. It is the largest of its planetary system's terrestrial planets and the only place in the universe known to support life.
The most prominent features of the earth's climate are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region.[6] Precipitation patterns vary widely according to location, ranging from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. About 70 percent of the surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with the vast majority of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.
Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The outer surface is divided into several tectonic plates that gradually migrate across the surface over geologic time spans, which at least several times have changed relatively quickly. The interior of the planet remains active, with a thick layer of molten Earth mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field.
The most prominent features of the earth's climate are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region.[6] Precipitation patterns vary widely according to location, ranging from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. About 70 percent of the surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with the vast majority of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.
Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The outer surface is divided into several tectonic plates that gradually migrate across the surface over geologic time spans, which at least several times have changed relatively quickly. The interior of the planet remains active, with a thick layer of molten Earth mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field.
Bali Island
Bali is an Indonesian island located at 8°25′23″S, 115°14′55″ECoordinates: 8°25′23″S, 115°14′55″E, the western most of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the country's 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards the south of the island. The island is home to the vast majority of Indonesia's small Hindu minority. It is also the largest tourist destination in the country and is renowned for its highly developed arts, including dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking and music.
Pets
A pet or companion animal is an animal kept for companionship and enjoyment, as opposed to livestock, laboratory animals, working animals or sport animals, which are kept for economic reasons. The most popular pets are noted for their loyal or playful characteristics, for their attractive appearance, or for their song. Pets also generally seem to provide their owners with non-trivial health benefits; keeping pets has been shown to help relieve stress. There is now a medically-approved class of "therapy animals," mostly dogs, who are brought to visit confined humans. Walking a dog can provide both the owner and the dog with exercise, fresh air, and social interaction.
Rainbow
Rainbows are optical and meteorological phenomena that cause a spectrum of light to appear in the sky when the Sun shines onto droplets of moisture in the Earth's atmosphere. They take the form of a multicoloured arc, with red on the outer part of the arch and violet on the inner section of the arch. More rarely, a secondary rainbow is seen, which is a second, fainter arc, outside the primary arc, with colours in the opposite order, that is, with violet on the outside and red on the inside.
A rainbow spans a continuous spectrum of colours. Traditionally, however, the sequence of colours is quantised. The most commonly cited and remembered sequence, in English, is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. "Roy G. Biv" and "Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain" are popular mnemonics.
Though rainbows are bow-shaped in most cases, there are also phenomena of rainbow-coloured strips in the sky: in the shape of stripes, circles, or even flames. (See Circumhorizontal arc)
A rainbow spans a continuous spectrum of colours. Traditionally, however, the sequence of colours is quantised. The most commonly cited and remembered sequence, in English, is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. "Roy G. Biv" and "Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain" are popular mnemonics.
Though rainbows are bow-shaped in most cases, there are also phenomena of rainbow-coloured strips in the sky: in the shape of stripes, circles, or even flames. (See Circumhorizontal arc)
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